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Kūdangulam, a small town in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, India, is situated at 8.1901°N latitude and 77.7002°E longitude. Its geography is defined by the coastal plains of the Gulf of Mannar, a relatively flat terrain sloping gently towards the sea. The town’s elevation is minimal, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Kūdangulam is approximately 6km from the coast, experiencing a strong maritime influence. The surrounding landscape is a mix of coconut groves, palmyra palms, and agricultural lands, primarily focused on dryland farming. The most significant geographical feature impacting Kūdangulam is the presence of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, and associated infrastructure. This industrial presence, alongside smaller-scale brick kilns and stone crushing units in the region, introduces localised sources of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Kūdangulam itself is a relatively small settlement, surrounded by rural villages and agricultural areas. This proximity means pollutants from agricultural practices – such as burning crop residue – can readily affect air quality. The prevailing winds, influenced by the monsoon systems, play a crucial role in pollutant transport and dispersion, often carrying sea salt aerosols inland, which can act as condensation nuclei for other pollutants.

Kūdangulam experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally worsens during the dry season (November to May) due to reduced rainfall and increased dust suspension from agricultural activities and construction. The hot, dry winds exacerbate the problem, limiting pollutant dispersion. February to April are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, further degrading air quality. The southwest monsoon (June to September) brings relief, with rainfall effectively washing away particulate matter and improving air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. October and November see a transitional period, with fluctuating conditions. Fog, particularly during the cooler months, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, especially on windy days. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, the increased humidity can trigger respiratory issues. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable throughout the year.