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Kulasekarapatnam, nestled in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position along the southeastern coast. Located at approximately 8.4000° N latitude and 78.0500° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the coastal plains of Tamil Nadu. Its proximity to the Gulf of Mannar, a biologically rich marine ecosystem, influences local weather patterns and contributes to a humid subtropical climate. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural fields, primarily cultivating rice and pulses, interspersed with pockets of scrubland and coastal vegetation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution, particularly during harvest periods when burning of crop residue is practiced. Kulasekarapatnam’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards. The town itself is relatively compact, with limited industrial presence, though nearby Thoothukudi hosts larger industrial zones, including a major port and fertilizer plants. These external industrial influences can occasionally impact Kulasekarapatnam’s air quality through prevailing wind patterns. The elevation is low, generally below 10 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during periods of temperature inversion, especially during cooler months. The coastal location also means the town is susceptible to sea breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric stability. The surrounding region is largely rural, with a strong reliance on agriculture and fishing, shaping the overall environmental context.

Kulasekarapatnam’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon patterns. The southwest monsoon, typically from June to September, brings substantial rainfall, effectively cleansing the atmosphere and significantly reducing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. This period generally offers the best air quality for outdoor activities. Conversely, the pre-monsoon season (March-May) often witnesses a rise in pollution levels. Hot, dry winds and stagnant air masses, coupled with agricultural burning, contribute to elevated particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement as rainfall decreases, but residual agricultural burning can still impact air quality. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, with occasional fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity when air quality is visibly impacted. During the monsoon season, while overall air quality is better, heavy rainfall can still lead to localized flooding and associated waterborne health risks. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can be beneficial, particularly during periods of elevated pollution. Awareness campaigns promoting responsible agricultural practices and reducing reliance on burning are crucial for long-term air quality improvement.