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Manakkara, a municipality in the Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a low-lying coastal plain at approximately 9.0365°N, 76.6239°E. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Cauvery Delta region, with an elevation barely above sea level. This proximity to the Bay of Bengal exerts a significant influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. Manakkara is surrounded by fertile agricultural lands, primarily paddy fields, interspersed with coconut groves and other tropical vegetation. The region’s economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, with fishing also playing a crucial role in the livelihoods of many residents. While not a major industrial hub itself, Manakkara is situated within reach of industrial areas along the coast, particularly around Nagapattinam and Cuddalore, which contribute to regional background pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural areas blending into the municipal limits. This lack of significant topographical barriers means pollutants can disperse, but also accumulate under stable atmospheric conditions. The coastal location also means susceptibility to sea breezes which can transport pollutants inland, and conversely, carry inland emissions out to sea. The flat terrain limits natural ventilation, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Manakkara experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, from January to May, sees a build-up of particulate matter due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities. Stable atmospheric conditions and lower wind speeds during these months can lead to pollutant concentration. March and April are typically the least favourable months for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The southwest monsoon arrives in June, bringing relief from the heat and washing away accumulated pollutants, resulting in improved air quality. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting sensitive individuals. The northeast monsoon, from October to December, is the primary rainfall season, further cleansing the air. November often sees a temporary dip in air quality as agricultural burning increases post-harvest. Throughout the year, temperature inversions, particularly during calm nights, can trap pollutants near the ground. Fog, common during the cooler months, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during periods of high humidity or stagnant air, and consider using respiratory protection when necessary.