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Mandapam, a coastal town in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a uniquely vulnerable geographic position. Situated on a narrow strip of land between the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar (9.2822° N, 79.1436° E), its terrain is predominantly flat, barely above sea level, making it highly susceptible to sea breezes and associated moisture. The town’s urban character is defined by its fishing industry and its role as a transit point to Rameswaram, a major Hindu pilgrimage site. Surrounding Mandapam are extensive coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, and shallow marine ecosystems. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the broader Ramanathapuram district experiences agricultural activity, including prawn farming, which can contribute to localised pollution through effluent discharge. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; immediately surrounding Mandapam are smaller fishing villages and agricultural lands. This coastal location significantly impacts air quality. The constant sea breeze can disperse pollutants, but also carries salt spray, contributing to corrosion and potentially aerosol formation. The lack of significant topographical features hinders pollutant dispersion during calm conditions, and the shallow waters of the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues. The town’s reliance on diesel-powered fishing boats and local transport further adds to the emission load.

Mandapam’s air quality follows a distinct wet-dry seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon cycles. The southwest monsoon (June-September) brings relief from accumulated pollutants, with heavy rainfall effectively washing particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees the northeast monsoon, again improving air quality through cleansing rains, but also bringing increased cloud cover and reduced sunlight. The dry season, from December to May, is when air quality typically deteriorates. During these months, stagnant air masses and temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. January-February often experience calm conditions and increased dust from agricultural activities and construction. March-May are the hottest and driest months, with increased vehicle emissions and potential for localised fires contributing to poor air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in March-May. Wearing masks can provide some protection. The monsoon seasons (June-November) are generally favourable for outdoor activities, but caution is advised during heavy rainfall due to potential waterborne diseases and slippery conditions. Monitoring local weather reports is crucial.