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Mangalam, nestled in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu (coordinates 12.3298° N, 79.1790° E), presents a unique geographic profile influencing its air quality. Situated within a predominantly flat coastal plain, the city’s terrain is gently undulating, characterized by fertile agricultural land and interspersed with pockets of scrub vegetation. Its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, approximately 20 kilometers to the east, introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures but also potentially contributing to coastal fog events. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rice paddies and coconut groves, typical of the Kaveri delta region, creating a strong agricultural zone. Mangalam’s urban footprint is relatively small, with a population of just over 11,000, suggesting a largely rural character transitioning into a small urban settlement. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activities continuing within the city limits. While Mangalam itself lacks major heavy industries, it sits within a broader industrial belt extending towards Coimbatore, approximately 150 kilometers to the north. This proximity means that pollutants generated in those industrial areas can, under certain meteorological conditions, be transported southward, impacting Mangalam’s air quality. The elevation is low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during temperature inversions. The Kaveri River flows nearby, providing a natural drainage system but also potentially carrying pollutants from agricultural runoff. The prevailing winds generally blow from the southwest during the monsoon season, bringing moisture and influencing the dispersion of airborne particles.

Mangalam’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate. The southwest monsoon (June to September) brings significant rainfall, effectively cleansing the atmosphere and generally resulting in improved air quality. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and localized flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from stagnant water sources. The pre-monsoon season (March to May) is typically the most challenging period. Rising temperatures and decreasing humidity create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air. This inversion layer prevents the vertical dispersion of pollutants, resulting in a build-up of particulate matter and other contaminants. Agricultural burning, a common practice during this period to clear fields for the next planting season, significantly contributes to the pollution load. The post-monsoon season (October to November) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures begin to cool and wind speeds increase. The winter months (December to February) are generally characterized by cooler temperatures and clearer skies, although occasional fog events, particularly near the coast, can reduce visibility and temporarily trap pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Awareness campaigns promoting responsible agricultural practices and reducing vehicular emissions are crucial for mitigating air pollution throughout the year.