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Mannarai, nestled in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India (11.1172° N, 77.3726° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Kaveri Delta, a fertile and densely populated region. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of deltaic landscapes, with elevations rarely exceeding 15 meters above sea level. This low-lying geography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges for air quality dispersion. Mannarai is surrounded by expansive rice paddies and agricultural fields, a vital component of the region’s economy, but also a potential source of biomass burning during harvest seasons. The proximity to the Kaveri River, a lifeline for the delta, moderates temperatures but can also contribute to humidity, influencing the behaviour of pollutants. To the west, the landscape gradually transitions to slightly undulating plains, while eastward lies the Bay of Bengal, influencing prevailing wind patterns. The urban–rural gradient around Mannarai is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, but it’s embedded within a larger agricultural zone, meaning agricultural practices directly impact the local air quality. Industrial activity is limited within Mannarai itself, but the broader Thanjavur district hosts some light manufacturing and processing industries, potentially contributing to regional pollution transported by prevailing winds. The flat topography and limited vertical mixing exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air, making Mannarai susceptible to localised air quality issues.

Mannarai’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is characterized by high temperatures and low humidity. This period often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter, largely attributable to agricultural burning – farmers clearing crop residue after the harvest. The lack of rainfall and reduced vegetation cover further contribute to the accumulation of pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. Conversely, the monsoon season (June to October) brings relief through frequent rainfall, effectively scrubbing the atmosphere and reducing pollutant concentrations. Strong winds associated with the monsoon also aid in dispersing pollutants. November and February represent transitional periods, with cooler temperatures and occasional fog, which can temporarily trap pollutants, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated levels of certain pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during peak burning periods. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon months, although heavy rainfall can still impact visibility. The humidity during the monsoon can also exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals, so appropriate precautions should be taken. Minimizing exposure to smoke from agricultural fires and maintaining indoor air quality are crucial during the dry season.