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Maruttuvakkudi, nestled in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cauvery Delta, a fertile and densely populated region. Located at approximately 11.0153° N, 79.4819° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the deltaic plains formed by the Cauvery River. The elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 10 meters above sea level, contributing to a low-lying landscape susceptible to flooding during the monsoon season. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and other crops vital to the region's economy. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices introduces localized sources of air pollution, primarily from biomass burning during harvest and residue management. While Maruttuvakkudi itself is a relatively small town, it sits within a broader urban-rural gradient, gradually transitioning from agricultural fields to larger urban centers like Thanjavur. The town’s location near the Bay of Bengal, approximately 60 kilometers away, influences regional weather patterns and can impact the dispersion of pollutants. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Maruttuvakkudi, however, the broader Thanjavur district experiences some industrial activity, primarily related to rice processing and agricultural inputs, which can contribute to regional air quality concerns. The flat topography and limited elevation hinder vertical mixing of air, potentially trapping pollutants closer to ground level, especially during periods of stagnant atmospheric conditions.

Maruttuvakkudi’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a rise in particulate matter due to increased agricultural burning. Farmers clearing crop residue after the harvest season contribute substantially to this, with smoke plumes lingering due to the lack of strong winds and temperature inversions that can trap pollutants near the surface. The hot, dry conditions exacerbate this, creating a less stable atmosphere. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief through increased rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the air. However, the monsoon also introduces humidity, which can affect respiratory health. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a resurgence of agricultural burning as farmers prepare for the next planting season. Fog, common during the cooler months (December-February), can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and increasing exposure. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the monsoon months, although humidity levels should be considered. It’s advisable to monitor local conditions and avoid prolonged exposure to smoky environments, particularly during agricultural burning periods.