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Māyamānkurichchi, a small town in Tamil Nadu, India, rests at coordinates 8.8855°N, 77.5041°E, nestled within the broader landscape of the Western Ghats foothills. The terrain is predominantly undulating, transitioning from the higher elevations of the Ghats to the flatter plains towards the east. This location significantly influences air quality, as the town sits within a valley, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of low wind speed and temperature inversions. The surrounding area is characterised by a mix of agricultural land – primarily coconut, paddy, and areca nut plantations – and scattered patches of deciduous forest. The nearby Bhavani River provides a crucial water source but also contributes to localised humidity, which can affect pollutant dispersion. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the region experiences some industrial activity related to agriculture (processing units) and small-scale manufacturing. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Māyamānkurichchi itself is a relatively small settlement, quickly giving way to rural agricultural landscapes. Dust from agricultural practices and biomass burning are likely significant local emission sources. The town’s position, shielded by the Western Ghats, can also limit long-range pollutant transport, concentrating locally generated emissions. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Māyamānkurichchi.

Māyamānkurichchi experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, roughly from January to April, sees the highest pollution levels. Lower humidity and increased wind speeds can initially disperse pollutants, but as the season progresses, dust from agricultural activities and potential biomass burning for land preparation become dominant concerns. March and April are typically the least favourable months for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The southwest monsoon arrives in June, bringing significant rainfall that effectively washes away particulate matter, resulting in a dramatic improvement in air quality. July, August, and September offer the cleanest air, though increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for some. The retreating monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual increase in pollution as agricultural activities resume and wind patterns shift. November can experience localised fog, trapping pollutants near the ground. December offers a brief respite before the dry season returns. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor their health closely. Staying indoors during peak pollution periods and using air purifiers can provide additional protection.