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Nestled in the fertile Cauvery Delta region of Tamil Nadu, Mayiladuthurai occupies a strategic position approximately 30 kilometers inland from the Bay of Bengal. This ancient temple town sits at a low elevation of just 5 meters above sea level, situated on the flat alluvial plains formed by the Cauvery River's distributaries. The city's geography creates a distinctive urban-rural gradient where compact urban settlement gradually blends into intensive agricultural landscapes dominated by paddy fields, coconut groves, and sugarcane plantations. Mayiladuthurai's proximity to the coast—while providing some moderating influence on temperatures—places it within the trajectory of cyclonic systems that periodically affect the Coromandel Coast. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural with scattered rice mills and small-scale industries, creating a complex pollution profile where urban vehicular emissions mingle with agricultural combustion sources. The city's location in this low-lying delta region, combined with its tropical wet-and-dry climate, creates conditions where pollutants can accumulate during certain seasons, particularly when wind patterns shift and temperature inversions develop. The absence of significant topographic features means there are no natural barriers to disperse pollutants, while the high agricultural activity in surrounding areas contributes substantially to the particulate matter burden, especially during post-harvest periods when crop residue burning is prevalent.

Mayiladuthurai's air quality follows a distinct seasonal rhythm shaped by its tropical wet-and-dry climate and agricultural calendar. During the northeast monsoon from October to December, the city experiences its peak pollution months as agricultural burning coincides with reduced wind speeds and occasional temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the surface. November through February represents the most challenging period for air quality, with December often being particularly problematic due to combined effects of post-harvest burning, vehicular emissions during festival seasons, and meteorological stagnation. Sensitive groups including children, elderly residents, and those with respiratory conditions should limit outdoor activities during morning hours when pollution concentrations typically peak. The southwest monsoon from June to September brings cleansing rains that significantly improve air quality, making these months the most favourable for outdoor activities. However, occasional cyclonic systems during this period can temporarily worsen air quality through dust suspension and reduced dispersion. The pre-monsoon months of March to May see increasing temperatures that can enhance photochemical reactions, though sea breezes from the Bay of Bengal provide some dispersion. Throughout the year, morning fog during cooler months can combine with pollution to create health hazards, particularly for vulnerable populations who should consider using air purifiers indoors during peak pollution periods.