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Nānjikkottai, nestled in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Kaveri Delta, a fertile and densely populated region. Located at approximately 10.7453° N latitude and 79.1289° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the deltaic plains formed by the Kaveri River. The elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 15 meters above sea level, contributing to a low dispersion potential for pollutants. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and other crops, a vital component of Tamil Nadu’s economy. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices introduces localized sources of air pollution, including emissions from machinery and the burning of crop residue, particularly during post-harvest seasons. Nānjikkottai’s location within the delta also means it’s susceptible to flooding during the monsoon season, which can temporarily exacerbate air quality issues by stirring up dust and particulate matter. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the pervasive presence of irrigation canals and water bodies influences local humidity and temperature, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant behaviour. The urban–rural gradient around Nānjikkottai is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural fields seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery. The nearest significant industrial belt lies further west, towards Tiruchirappalli, but occasional transport of goods and materials through Nānjikkottai can contribute to transient pollution episodes. The flat topography and limited elevation hinder the natural vertical mixing of air, potentially trapping pollutants closer to ground level.

Nānjikkottai’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and the influence of the Indian monsoon. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a gradual increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is largely attributable to increased agricultural activity, including the use of tractors and other machinery, coupled with the occasional burning of crop residue to clear fields. High temperatures during these months also contribute to photochemical smog formation, although this is generally less pronounced than in more industrialized urban areas. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with increased rainfall, which naturally washes away pollutants and improves air quality. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by elevated dust levels due to strong winds and the stirring up of soil. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return to drier conditions, potentially leading to a renewed rise in pollution. December and January are generally the coolest months, and while temperatures are relatively mild, fog can form, trapping pollutants near the ground and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and be mindful of potential fog events. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon months, although awareness of initial dust surges is advisable. The interplay of wind patterns, temperature inversions (more common during cooler months), and monsoon rains significantly shapes the air quality experience in Nānjikkottai throughout the year.