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Narasingapuram, nestled in the Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu, India (11.6038° N, 78.5778° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the broader South Indian landscape. The town’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, part of the Deccan Plateau, with elevations rarely exceeding 600 meters. This relatively low elevation, combined with its inland location, influences local air circulation patterns. Narasingapuram is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to crops like paddy, sugarcane, and pulses, contributing to potential biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. To the west, the Hogenakkal Falls and the Kaveri River offer a vital water source and a degree of humidity, which can sometimes trap pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions. The urban–rural gradient around Narasingapuram is gradual; the town itself is a relatively small settlement, but it serves as a local market hub for surrounding villages. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, its proximity to larger towns like Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri, which host some manufacturing and processing industries, means that pollutants can be transported via prevailing winds. The regional climate, dominated by tropical conditions, further complicates air quality, with seasonal shifts impacting temperature, humidity, and wind patterns, all of which play a role in pollutant dispersion or accumulation. The surrounding landscape, a mix of cultivated fields and scrubland, contributes to dust generation, especially during the dry season.

Narasingapuram’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon (June to September) generally brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively disperse accumulated pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased dust due to strong winds preceding the rains. The post-monsoon season (October-November) often sees a slight improvement in air quality as agricultural activity winds down. The dry season (December to May) presents the greatest challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall lead to increased dust levels from agricultural fields and unpaved roads. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of December and January, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the situation. The months of March and April, characterized by high temperatures and stagnant air, frequently experience elevated particulate matter concentrations. Fog, particularly in December and January, further restricts vertical mixing and contributes to pollutant build-up. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during the dry season, especially on days with visible haze or fog. Agricultural workers should take precautions against dust exposure. During the monsoon months, while generally cleaner, vigilance is still needed during the initial wind shifts and potential dust storms. Maintaining green spaces and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are crucial for mitigating seasonal air quality fluctuations.