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Nerupperichchal, nestled in the Thiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Eastern Ghats. Located at approximately 11.1610° N latitude and 77.3740° E longitude, the town’s elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a gradual transition from undulating hills and rocky outcrops to fertile agricultural plains, typical of the Kaveri delta region. This proximity to agricultural zones, while supporting the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from crop residue burning, particularly during post-harvest seasons. The town sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient, experiencing increasing urbanization while still retaining connections to traditional agricultural practices. The Kaveri River, though not directly adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and contributes to humidity levels. The Eastern Ghats to the west create a barrier, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Industrial activity is relatively limited within Nerupperichchal itself, but the broader Thiruvannamalai district hosts some industrial belts, and their emissions can be transported via prevailing winds. The terrain, a mix of gently sloping land and rocky areas, influences drainage patterns and can affect the dispersion of pollutants. The town’s relatively small size (population 21,611) means that localized sources, such as vehicular traffic and small-scale industries, have a disproportionately large impact on air quality. Understanding this interplay of geography and human activity is crucial for effective air quality management.

Nerupperichchal’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to increased agricultural burning as farmers clear fields after the harvest, combined with lower humidity which allows dust particles to remain suspended in the air for longer periods. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the situation. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased wind speeds disperse them. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased dampness and the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from decaying vegetation. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a resurgence of particulate matter. Fog, particularly in the cooler months (December-February), can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion and ensuring adequate ventilation. While the monsoon offers respite, awareness of VOC emissions remains important. Maintaining green spaces and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are vital for mitigating seasonal air quality fluctuations.