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Pākkam, nestled in the Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India (13.1436° N, 80.0280° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Coromandel Coast region. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile plains of South India, with an average elevation of approximately 25 meters above sea level. This low elevation, coupled with its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. Pākkam sits within a transitional zone between the densely populated urban sprawl of Chennai and the surrounding agricultural landscapes. To the west, the landscape gradually shifts to rural farmlands, primarily cultivating rice and pulses, contributing to occasional agricultural burning during harvest seasons. The eastern boundary is defined by the coastal plains, with the Bay of Bengal providing a moderating influence on temperature but also a potential source of marine aerosols. While Pākkam itself is a relatively small urban centre, its location within the Chennai metropolitan area’s sphere of influence means it experiences indirect impacts from industrial activity and vehicular emissions originating from the larger city. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable shift in land use and population density within a short distance. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants, while the surrounding agricultural practices can introduce particulate matter into the atmosphere, particularly during specific times of the year. The lack of significant topographical features means that wind patterns are largely dictated by regional weather systems, impacting the dispersion of pollutants.

Pākkam’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Tamil Nadu’s tropical climate, characterized by wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, presents the most challenging period for air quality. High temperatures and reduced rainfall lead to stagnant air conditions, exacerbating the effects of local emissions. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their concentration. Agricultural burning, a prevalent practice during the harvest season (April-May), significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as increased rainfall and stronger winds naturally cleanse the atmosphere, dispersing pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. October and November represent a transitional period, with gradually decreasing temperatures and a lessening of monsoon influence. The winter months (December-February) generally offer the best air quality, with cooler temperatures and more frequent wind patterns aiding in pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours, typically in the morning and late afternoon. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Public health advisories are often issued during periods of elevated pollution, recommending reduced outdoor exertion and the use of masks.