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Parikkalpattu, a municipality in the Kallakurichi district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain typical of the North Eastern plains of the state. Situated at coordinates 11.7928°N, 79.7516°E, the town’s geography is largely defined by its agricultural surroundings. The landscape is predominantly rural, characterized by paddy fields and interspersed with coconut and mango groves. The proximity to the Pennaiyar River, a significant waterway in the region, influences local humidity and potentially contributes to localized temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. While not directly within a major industrial belt, Parikkalpattu serves as a market town for surrounding agricultural produce, leading to increased vehicular traffic and associated emissions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the town centre experiences higher population density and commercial activity, while the periphery remains largely agrarian. This gradient directly impacts air quality, with concentrated pollution sources in the town centre. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly during harvest seasons, also contributes to particulate matter levels. The relatively low elevation minimizes the impact of long-range pollutant transport, meaning local sources are dominant. Understanding this interplay between agriculture, riverine influence, and localized traffic is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Parikkalpattu.

Parikkalpattu experiences a tropical climate, with air quality fluctuating significantly between the wet and dry seasons. The dry season, roughly from February to May, sees a peak in particulate matter pollution. Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust suspension from agricultural lands and construction activities. High temperatures exacerbate this, promoting the formation of ground-level ozone. March and April are typically the most challenging months for respiratory health. The onset of the southwest monsoon in June brings a temporary respite, washing away pollutants and increasing humidity. However, increased rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and stagnant water, fostering mold growth and impacting indoor air quality. The post-monsoon season (October-November) often sees a secondary peak in pollution due to crop residue burning and the return of drier conditions. December to January offers the most favourable air quality, with cooler temperatures and occasional light rainfall. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season peaks. Monitoring wind patterns is vital; north-easterly winds can carry pollutants from nearby areas, while south-westerly winds during the monsoon offer cleaner air.