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Periya Soragai, nestled in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Kaveri Delta, a fertile and densely populated region. Located at approximately 11.74° N latitude and 77.92° E longitude, the town’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, characteristic of deltaic plains. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and other crops irrigated by the Kaveri River and its network of canals. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices contributes to localized air quality concerns, particularly related to biomass burning during harvest seasons. Periya Soragai’s urban character is that of a small, rural town, with a predominantly agrarian population and limited industrial activity. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, blending seamlessly into the surrounding agricultural fields. The town’s location within the delta means it experiences a humid subtropical climate, with high temperatures and humidity throughout much of the year. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water beyond the irrigation canals, the influence of the Bay of Bengal, approximately 150 kilometers east, affects regional weather patterns and can influence the dispersion of pollutants. The absence of significant industrial belts immediately surrounding Periya Soragai mitigates some pollution risks, but the reliance on agricultural practices and the potential for seasonal biomass burning remain key factors shaping the local air quality profile. The flat terrain can also exacerbate pollutant accumulation, particularly during periods of low wind speed.

Periya Soragai’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon (June to September) generally brings relief, with increased rainfall and wind speeds that help disperse pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased dust levels due to strong winds and soil erosion from agricultural lands. The post-monsoon season (October to November) often sees a rise in air quality concerns. This period coincides with the harvest season for key crops like rice, leading to widespread biomass burning for clearing fields. Smoke from these fires, combined with calmer winds and cooler temperatures, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized episodes of reduced visibility and potentially impacting respiratory health. The dry season (December to March) is typically the most challenging period. Temperatures rise, and wind speeds often decrease, leading to stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air, can further trap pollutants close to the surface. Fog, common during these months, also restricts dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, particularly in the mornings and evenings. The pre-monsoon season (April to May) is characterized by hot, dry conditions and a gradual increase in wind speeds, which can temporarily improve air quality, but the risk of dust storms remains. Overall, minimizing exposure during the post-monsoon and dry seasons is advisable for maintaining respiratory well-being.