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Periyakoduveri, nestled in the Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu, India (11.4811° N, 77.2989° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Deccan Plateau landscape. The town’s elevation, approximately 650 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively cooler climate compared to coastal regions of Tamil Nadu, but also influences atmospheric stability and potential for temperature inversions. Periyakoduveri is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily cultivating crops like paddy, ragi, and groundnut, interspersed with scrubland and rocky outcrops characteristic of the region. The Hogenakkal Falls, a significant geological feature and tourist attraction, lies approximately 40 kilometers to the south, impacting local hydrology and potentially influencing humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient around Periyakoduveri is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings dominating the immediate periphery. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the town’s proximity to larger urban centers like Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri means it can be affected by pollutants transported via prevailing winds. The terrain is undulating, with gentle slopes and scattered hills, which can create localized variations in air flow and pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape, largely rural and agricultural, generally contributes to lower background pollution levels compared to heavily industrialized areas, although agricultural practices, including burning of crop residue, can introduce localized pollution episodes. The lack of major waterways directly adjacent to the town limits the potential for atmospheric cleansing through precipitation, making air quality more reliant on wind patterns and atmospheric mixing.

Periyakoduveri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycles. The dry season, spanning roughly from March to May, typically sees the poorest air quality. High temperatures and reduced rainfall lead to stagnant air conditions, increasing the likelihood of temperature inversions, which trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice after the harvest season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The southwest monsoon, arriving around June, brings a dramatic shift, with increased rainfall and strong winds that effectively flush out accumulated pollutants, leading to a marked improvement in air quality. July and August generally experience the cleanest air. The post-monsoon transition period (September-October) can be variable, with periods of calm winds and increased humidity potentially leading to localized pollution spikes. The northeast monsoon, arriving in November, brings intermittent rainfall, but also increased humidity and fog, particularly in the mornings. This fog can trap pollutants, reducing visibility and temporarily degrading air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of dense fog. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the monsoon months. While agricultural practices are vital to the local economy, minimizing burning and adopting alternative residue management techniques are crucial for safeguarding air quality and public health. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and precipitation creates a dynamic air quality profile throughout the year.