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Pollāchi, nestled in the foothills of the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 10.6590° N, 77.0080° E, the town’s terrain is characterized by gently sloping plains transitioning into the rugged hills of the Ghats. This elevation gradient, averaging around 120 meters above sea level, plays a crucial role in atmospheric circulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive coconut groves, banana plantations, and paddy fields dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter emissions, particularly from crop burning practices. Pollāchi lies within the Coimbatore district, strategically positioned between the industrial hub of Coimbatore city and the agricultural heartland of the Kongu region. This proximity to Coimbatore introduces a degree of industrial influence, with occasional transport of pollutants carried by prevailing winds. The Amaravathi River flows nearby, offering some localized humidity, but its impact on overall air quality is limited. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Pollāchi exhibiting a mix of residential areas, small-scale industries (primarily related to agriculture and textiles), and commercial establishments. The town’s location within a relatively enclosed valley, coupled with the surrounding hills, can sometimes lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of low wind speed, exacerbating the impact of local emissions and trapping pollutants.

Pollāchi’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry seasonal pattern, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is characterized by high temperatures and reduced rainfall. This period often witnesses elevated levels of particulate matter due to increased agricultural burning as farmers clear fields for the next planting season. The lack of rainfall and drier conditions also contribute to increased dust levels. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening air quality. Conversely, the monsoon season (June to October) brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively washing away pollutants and dispersing them. Strong winds associated with the monsoon also aid in ventilation. November and February represent transitional periods, with moderate temperatures and variable wind patterns. Fog, particularly in the early morning hours during November and December, can trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak burning periods and avoiding strenuous exertion. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, heavy rainfall can lead to localized flooding and associated mold growth, which can trigger respiratory issues in susceptible individuals. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification is advisable throughout the year, especially during transitional periods with fog.