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Pudur, nestled in the Thiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Kaveri Delta region. Located at approximately 9.0001° N latitude and 77.2076° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile alluvial plains formed by the Kaveri River and its tributaries. Pudur’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice paddies and pulses – interspersed with small villages and pockets of scrubland. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to air pollution through the burning of crop residue after harvest, a practice common in the area. The town’s proximity to the Eastern Ghats, a range of low mountains to the west, influences local wind patterns, sometimes creating barriers that impede pollutant dispersion. While Pudur isn't directly adjacent to a major river, the presence of numerous irrigation canals and water bodies within the delta provides some localized humidity, which can affect the behaviour of particulate matter. The urban–rural gradient around Pudur is gradual; the town itself is small, transitioning quickly into agricultural land, meaning industrial influence is limited, though transportation corridors connecting it to larger urban centres like Thiruvannamalai do introduce vehicular emissions. The flat topography and surrounding agricultural lands create a unique microclimate susceptible to localized pollution events.

Pudur’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is often characterized by elevated particulate matter concentrations. This is due to a combination of factors: reduced rainfall leading to less atmospheric cleansing, increased dust from agricultural activities (plowing, harvesting), and the prevalence of temperature inversions. During these months, cooler nighttime air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and allowing pollutants to accumulate near the ground. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively washing away pollutants and significantly improving air quality. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily trap pollutants. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a slow return of elevated particulate levels. December and January are generally cooler and drier, with occasional fog, which can exacerbate localized pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exertion during peak pollution periods, typically in the late morning and early afternoon. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during these months. The agricultural cycle significantly influences seasonal pollution patterns, with burning practices contributing to spikes in particulate matter during harvest times.