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Puliyankudi, nestled in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, occupies a relatively flat terrain at approximately 98 meters above sea level (coordinates 9.1725°N, 77.3956°E). The town is situated within the broader agricultural landscape of the Ramanathapuram district, characterized by extensive paddy fields and coconut groves. This agrarian dominance significantly influences local air quality, with seasonal burning of agricultural residue contributing to particulate matter. Puliyankudi isn’t directly adjacent to major industrial belts, but its regional position means it’s susceptible to long-range transport of pollutants from industrial areas further north along the Tamil Nadu coast. The town’s proximity to the Palk Strait, roughly 30km east, introduces a moderating maritime influence, but also potential for salt spray and humidity which can affect pollutant dispersion. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Puliyankudi itself is a relatively small urban centre, surrounded by numerous villages and agricultural land. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities within the town contribute to localised particulate pollution. The prevailing wind patterns, influenced by the seasonal monsoons, play a crucial role in pollutant dispersal, often carrying pollutants from inland agricultural practices towards the coast. Understanding this interplay of geography and land use is vital for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Puliyankudi.

Puliyankudi experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, from February to May, sees a build-up of dust and particulate matter due to drier conditions and increased agricultural activity like harvesting and land preparation. Wind speeds are generally lower during this period, exacerbating pollutant concentration. April and May are typically the least favourable months for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The southwest monsoon arrives in June, bringing relief from the heat and washing away accumulated pollutants, resulting in a temporary improvement in air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. The northeast monsoon, from October to December, is the primary rainfall season, further cleansing the atmosphere. November and December generally offer the best air quality. During the monsoon months, mould spores become prevalent, posing a risk to allergy sufferers. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occur during calmer periods, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor exposure during peak pollution periods and monitor their health closely.