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Sāmalāpuram, nestled in the Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu, India (11.0724° N, 77.1980° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Kaveri River basin. The city’s terrain is gently undulating, characterized by rocky outcrops and fertile plains, a legacy of ancient riverine deposits. Situated approximately 210 kilometers southwest of Chennai, Sāmalāpuram benefits from a relatively rural setting, transitioning from agricultural lands to sparse scrub forests in the surrounding areas. The elevation averages around 550 meters above sea level, contributing to a slightly cooler climate compared to coastal regions. The Hogenakkal Falls, a major tourist attraction and a vital water source, lies approximately 60 kilometers to the south, influencing local hydrology and potentially impacting humidity levels. While Sāmalāpuram itself is a small urban center, it’s within reach of industrial zones concentrated around Krishnagiri and Hosur, approximately 80-100 kilometers away. These zones, primarily focused on manufacturing and textiles, represent a potential source of regional air pollution that can be transported via prevailing winds. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city is bordered by agricultural fields and small villages, limiting the urban heat island effect but also exposing the population to agricultural emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. The Kaveri River, though not directly adjacent to the city, plays a crucial role in the region's climate and water availability, influencing local weather patterns and potentially affecting atmospheric stability.

Sāmalāpuram experiences a distinct tropical wet and dry climate, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is characterized by high temperatures and low humidity. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and stagnant air masses. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality concerns. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively flushing out accumulated pollutants and improving air quality considerably. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially trigger dust storms and increased particulate matter as winds shift. October and November represent a transitional period, with gradually decreasing temperatures and a lessening of monsoon influence. The winter months (December to February) are generally the most pleasant for outdoor activities, with cooler temperatures and relatively cleaner air. However, fog, particularly in December and January, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility, creating localized air quality issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and be mindful of fog conditions in winter. Agricultural burning, a common practice during post-harvest periods, can contribute to elevated particulate matter levels, particularly in late March and April. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial during periods of poor outdoor air quality.