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Tirukkāttuppalli, a small town in Tamil Nadu, India (10.5100°N, 78.5700°E), is situated within the fertile Kaveri Delta region. The landscape is predominantly flat, characteristic of alluvial plains formed by the river’s deposition, with an elevation hovering around sea level. This low-lying terrain significantly influences air quality, limiting natural dispersion of pollutants. The town’s proximity to the Bay of Bengal introduces high humidity and seasonal monsoon winds. Surrounding Tirukkāttuppalli are extensive rice paddies, a dominant agricultural feature, alongside pockets of coconut groves and smaller-scale farming. While not a major industrial hub itself, the town lies within reach of larger industrial zones in nearby cities like Thanjavur and Nagapattinam, contributing to regional background pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town centre is densely populated, transitioning quickly to agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential for biomass burning emissions, particularly after harvest seasons. The lack of significant topographical features hinders air circulation, exacerbating pollution build-up during calm weather conditions. The coastal influence also means potential for salt spray and marine aerosols, impacting particulate matter composition. Understanding this geographical context is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Tirukkāttuppalli.

Tirukkāttuppalli experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, roughly from January to May, sees a build-up of particulate matter due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities. Calm winds during these months exacerbate the situation, leading to stagnant air. March and April are typically the worst months for outdoor activity for those with respiratory sensitivities. The southwest monsoon arrives in June, bringing relief with heavy rainfall that washes away pollutants, significantly improving air quality. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting indoor air quality. The northeast monsoon, from October to December, is even more intense, further cleansing the air but also potentially causing localised flooding and associated health risks. Post-monsoon, November and December can see a slight resurgence of pollutants as agricultural burning increases. Temperature inversions, common during cooler months, trap pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and periods of calm weather. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak agricultural burning times are key to protecting health.