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Tirunāgeswaram, a municipality in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a relatively flat coastal plain, situated approximately 15km inland from the Bay of Bengal. Its coordinates (10.9646, 79.4293) place it within the fertile Kaveri Delta region, historically renowned for its extensive rice cultivation. The terrain is predominantly alluvial, formed by centuries of sediment deposition from the Kaveri River and its tributaries. This agricultural dominance significantly influences the local air quality, with seasonal burning of crop residue contributing to particulate matter. The urban character of Tirunāgeswaram is that of a small, developing town, exhibiting a gradient from denser residential areas near the main roads to more rural, agricultural land on the periphery. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of small-scale brick kilns and rice mills within and around the municipality adds to localized pollution sources. Proximity to the coast means the town experiences moderating maritime influences, but also potential for salt spray and humidity. The surrounding landscape is characterised by paddy fields, coconut groves, and interspersed human settlements. The relatively low elevation and flat topography can contribute to the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather.

Tirunāgeswaram’s air quality follows a pattern dictated by the monsoon cycles and agricultural practices. The northeast monsoon, prevalent from October to December, brings heavy rainfall which temporarily washes pollutants from the air, resulting in generally improved conditions. However, increased humidity can also foster fungal growth, impacting respiratory health. The hottest months, March to May, see a build-up of pollutants due to stagnant air and increased dust from dry agricultural lands. Temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping pollutants near the ground. Post-monsoon, from January to February, experiences relatively clear skies but can also see increased particulate matter from agricultural burning as fields are prepared for the next crop. The southwest monsoon, though less impactful than the northeast, brings intermittent rainfall from June to September, offering periods of cleaner air. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the hot, dry months and periods of agricultural burning. Fog, common in cooler months, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. Avoiding outdoor exertion during peak heat and smoke events is crucial for maintaining respiratory health.