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Tiruppuvanam, nestled in the Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain at approximately 9.8550°N, 78.2744°E. The city’s geography is fundamentally shaped by its location within the fertile plains of the state, a region historically reliant on agriculture, particularly rice cultivation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, characterized by paddy fields, interspersed with coconut groves and scattered vegetation. The proximity to the Vaigai River, a crucial water source for the region, influences local humidity and contributes to the area’s agricultural productivity. While not directly within a major industrial belt, Tiruppuvanam experiences indirect impacts from industrial activity in nearby districts like Madurai and Virudhunagar, particularly concerning particulate matter transport. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city itself is a relatively small urban centre, quickly transitioning to agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of air pollution from biomass burning during land preparation and post-harvest activities, as well as fertilizer and pesticide application. The relatively low elevation and lack of significant topographical barriers can contribute to the trapping of pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Tiruppuvanam.

Tiruppuvanam experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from February to May, sees a build-up of particulate matter due to increased dust from agricultural activities and potential biomass burning. Temperatures rise, exacerbating the issue, and calm winds limit dispersion. April and May are typically the least favourable months for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The southwest monsoon arrives in June, bringing relief from the heat and washing away much of the accumulated dust, leading to a temporary improvement in air quality. However, increased humidity can also foster fungal growth, impacting sensitive individuals. The northeast monsoon, from October to December, brings heavier rainfall and further cleanses the air, though localised flooding can sometimes disrupt waste management, creating temporary pollution hotspots. January and February generally offer the best air quality, with cooler temperatures and lower humidity. During monsoon seasons, while air is cleaner, increased moisture can worsen respiratory ailments. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during peak pollution periods and monitor their health closely.