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Tottiyam, a municipality in Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a relatively inland position within the state, at coordinates 10.9880°N, 78.3363°E. The terrain is characterised by gently undulating plains, typical of the region’s transition zone between the coastal plains and the Western Ghats foothills. With a population of approximately 18,061, Tottiyam’s urban character is that of a developing town, serving as a local hub for surrounding agricultural communities. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and coconut groves, interspersed with pockets of dryland farming. The Kaveri River, a vital lifeline for Tamil Nadu, flows at a distance, influencing regional humidity but not directly impacting Tottiyam’s immediate microclimate. The town isn’t situated near major industrial belts, which is a positive factor for air quality, but experiences localised pollution from vehicular traffic and small-scale brick kilns. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with rapid transitions from densely populated areas to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural land introduces seasonal biomass burning, a significant contributor to particulate matter. The elevation is relatively low, increasing the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. This geographical setting dictates the specific air quality challenges faced by Tottiyam.

Tottiyam experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, from January to April, sees consistently higher levels of particulate matter due to dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities. Wind speeds are generally lower during this period, exacerbating pollution. March and April are typically the least favourable months for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The southwest monsoon arrives in June, bringing relief from the heat and washing away accumulated pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. September and October, following the monsoon’s retreat, often experience stagnant air and localised flooding, leading to increased mould and bacterial growth, impacting respiratory health. November to December marks a transitional period with improving air quality as the dry season approaches. Temperature inversions are common during cooler months, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor exposure during peak pollution periods and consider using air purifiers indoors. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding activity near agricultural burning are crucial preventative measures.