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Velūr, nestled in the northern reaches of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Deccan Plateau. Its coordinates (11.1114° N, 78.0048° E) place it amidst a gently undulating terrain, characterized by rocky outcrops and pockets of fertile agricultural land. The city’s elevation, relatively modest, contributes to a localized microclimate influenced by the surrounding landscape. Velūr is situated approximately 180 kilometers northwest of Chennai, acting as a regional hub for the surrounding rural districts. The landscape immediately surrounding Velūr transitions from cultivated fields – predominantly rice and pulses – to scrubland and gradually ascends into the foothills of the Eastern Ghats. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when biomass burning is common. To the east, the Kaveri River basin provides a vital water source and influences local humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient around Velūr is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural settlements blending seamlessly into the urban fabric. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Velūr’s role as a trading center and its connectivity to larger industrial areas in nearby districts mean that pollutants can be transported via prevailing winds. The geological composition of the region, with its granite bedrock, can also influence dust levels, especially during drier periods. The overall topography, combined with agricultural practices and regional connectivity, shapes Velūr’s vulnerability to air quality challenges.

Velūr’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is characterized by high temperatures and reduced rainfall. This period often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter concentrations. The lack of rainfall allows dust to accumulate and become easily mobilized by wind, while agricultural burning practices, preparing fields for the monsoon, contribute significantly to smoke pollution. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the situation. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively scrubbing the atmosphere and lowering pollutant levels. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually rising temperatures. This period can see a resurgence of dust and agricultural emissions. December and January are generally cooler and relatively cleaner, although occasional fog events can still impact air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The agricultural cycle and prevailing wind patterns are key drivers of seasonal air quality fluctuations in Velūr.