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Viswanāthaperi, nestled in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position at the southeastern tip of the Indian peninsula. Located at approximately 9.3359° N latitude and 77.4500° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the Western Ghats foothills. The elevation is relatively modest, contributing to a generally warm and humid climate. Viswanāthaperi’s proximity to the Arabian Sea exerts a considerable influence on its microclimate, moderating temperatures and increasing humidity levels. The surrounding landscape is a blend of coastal plains, agricultural fields, and patches of tropical vegetation, transitioning gradually into the denser forests of the Western Ghats further inland. This agricultural zone, while vital for the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter from crop burning and fertilizer use. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Viswanāthaperi itself is a small town, but it serves as a local hub for surrounding villages. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, its location within Tamil Nadu, a state with a developing industrial sector, means it can be affected by regional pollution transport. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the monsoon patterns, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, impacting the town’s air quality. The coastal location also means sea breezes can influence local air movement, sometimes bringing in saline aerosols.

Viswanāthaperi experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a gradual increase in particulate matter. This is partly due to reduced rainfall, which limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, and potentially increased agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields. Temperature inversions, common during these months, can trap pollutants closer to the ground, exacerbating the issue. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively washing away pollutants and improving air quality. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually rising temperatures. During these months, the impact of agricultural activities and potential temperature inversions can again become more pronounced. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon months, although heavy rainfall can pose other challenges. The interplay of wind patterns, temperature fluctuations, and agricultural practices dictates the seasonal air quality narrative in Viswanāthaperi, demanding adaptive strategies for public health.