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Vriddhāchalam, nestled in the Kaveri Delta of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the state’s eastern region. Located at approximately 11.5°N latitude and 79.33°E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile deltaic plains formed by the Kaveri River. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, contributing to a humid subtropical climate. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice paddies – interspersed with smaller villages and pockets of scrubland. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localised air pollution through the burning of crop residue after harvest. Vriddhāchalam’s proximity to the Kaveri River provides a moderating influence on temperature and humidity, but also introduces the potential for waterborne pollutants to impact air quality through aerosolisation. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the town serves as a regional market hub, experiencing increased vehicular traffic and associated emissions. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land extending almost to the town’s periphery. The flat topography and limited natural barriers can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The town’s location within the Kaveri Delta means it is susceptible to flooding during the monsoon season, which can temporarily redistribute pollutants and impact air quality through the suspension of sediments and organic matter.

Vriddhāchalam’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycles. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and decreasing humidity create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural burning, a common practice after the harvest of the winter rice crop, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out pollutants, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also temporarily increase humidity and create fog, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a potential for localised pollution from festive fireworks and increased agricultural activity. Winter months (December-February) are generally characterised by cooler temperatures and calmer winds, which can occasionally lead to stagnant air and a slight increase in pollution levels, particularly in the mornings when fog is prevalent. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks when necessary. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for anticipating and mitigating potential air quality impacts.