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Belonia, a municipality in the South Tripura district of Tripura, India, occupies a geographically sensitive position. Located at 23.2500°N, 91.4500°E, the town sits within the undulating terrain of the state’s western edge, close to the Bangladesh border. The landscape is predominantly comprised of low hills and plains, characteristic of the Tripura region. Belonia’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The town is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though several smaller rivers and streams crisscross the surrounding agricultural lands. This proximity to agricultural zones, heavily reliant on seasonal farming and potentially biomass burning, is a key factor influencing local air quality. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; Belonia serves as a market and administrative centre for the surrounding rural communities. While not a major industrial hub, localised brick kilns and small-scale industries contribute to particulate matter emissions. The town’s position in a valley-like formation can exacerbate pollution episodes, trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. The porous nature of the surrounding soil also means dust resuspension is a common occurrence, particularly during the drier months. This combination of factors creates a unique air quality profile for Belonia.

Belonia’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon conditions. The monsoon season, typically from June to September, generally brings improved air quality due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. October and November see a gradual deterioration as the monsoon retreats and agricultural burning intensifies in preparation for the Rabi crop. This period often experiences stagnant air, leading to localised pollution build-up. Winter, from December to February, is often the worst period for air quality. Cooler temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, and increased use of solid fuels for heating exacerbates the problem. Fog can further reduce visibility and worsen respiratory conditions. March to May brings drier conditions and increased dust from construction and road traffic. The pre-monsoon heat can also contribute to photochemical smog formation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during the winter and post-monsoon months. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; winds from the west, carrying pollutants from neighbouring areas, are particularly concerning.