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Gharbara, nestled in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 28.47°N, 77.51°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Yamuna River and its tributaries. Gharbara’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily wheat and sugarcane – interspersed with small villages and pockets of scrubland. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution through crop residue burning, particularly during the post-harvest period. The urban–rural gradient around Gharbara is gradual, with the city acting as a local hub for surrounding rural communities. While Gharbara itself is a relatively small urban centre, it’s situated within a broader industrial belt extending towards larger cities like Delhi and Ghaziabad, drawing in some industrial emissions. The absence of significant natural barriers, such as hills or mountains, allows for the unimpeded movement of pollutants across the region. The proximity to the Yamuna River, while providing a water source, can also exacerbate air quality issues during periods of flooding or when industrial discharge contaminates the water and subsequently affects air quality through aerosolization. The flat topography and regional wind patterns often trap pollutants, creating localized air quality challenges.

Gharbara’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoonal climate. The summer months (April-June) are typically characterized by hot, dry conditions and stagnant air, frequently leading to elevated levels of pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap emissions close to the ground, worsening air quality. Dust storms originating from the Thar Desert also contribute significantly to particulate matter concentrations. The monsoon season (July-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of pollutants from stagnant water sources. The post-monsoon season (October-November) is often the most challenging, as farmers engage in crop residue burning to clear fields for the next planting season. This practice releases massive amounts of smoke and particulate matter, dramatically degrading air quality. Winter months (December-March) are generally colder, with frequent fog formation. Fog traps pollutants near the ground, further reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the summer and post-monsoon seasons. During periods of heavy fog or dust storms, wearing a high-quality mask is recommended. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also provide some protection. The transition months of March and September offer relatively better air quality, making them more favourable for outdoor activities.