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Hasanganj, a small town nestled in the Fatehpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 26.78°N, 80.67°E, its terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Yamuna River and its tributaries. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily wheat, rice, and pulses – interspersed with small villages and scattered groves of trees. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital for the regional economy, contributes to seasonal air pollution through biomass burning during harvest and residue management. Hasanganj’s proximity to the larger industrial belt of Kanpur, roughly 60 kilometers to the northwest, introduces a secondary source of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Hasanganj itself maintains a small-town character, with limited industrial presence within its immediate boundaries, but the influence of larger urban centers is evident in transportation patterns and the occasional presence of small-scale industries. The elevation is low, around 138 meters above sea level, which, combined with the flat topography, can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, especially during temperature inversions. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region’s groundwater table is high, influencing local humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of particulate matter. The lack of significant natural barriers further limits the natural cleansing of the atmosphere.

Hasanganj’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by regional meteorology and agricultural practices. The dry, cool months of November through February typically experience the poorest air quality. This period coincides with the post-monsoon season and the burning of crop residue, releasing significant quantities of particulate matter and gases. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants close to the ground, intensifying the problem. Fog, frequently occurring during this time, further reduces visibility and hinders pollutant dispersion. March to May marks the pre-monsoon season, characterized by rising temperatures and increased dust from construction and agricultural activities. While winds generally increase, they are often insufficient to fully clear the accumulated pollutants. The arrival of the monsoon season (June to September) brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and strong winds disperse pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from waterlogged areas. October is a transitional month, with decreasing rainfall and increasing agricultural burning, leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry winter months (November-February) and avoid prolonged outdoor exposure, especially during foggy days. During the pre-monsoon months, limiting strenuous activity during peak heat and dust is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial throughout the year.