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Jalālābād, a small city nestled within the expansive Uttar Pradesh state of India (coordinates 29.5972, 78.3153), presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the terrain is largely flat alluvial land, a fertile region historically dedicated to intensive agriculture. This surrounding agricultural zone, while vital for the local economy, contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution through crop residue burning, particularly after the harvest seasons. The city’s elevation is relatively low, increasing susceptibility to temperature inversions which trap pollutants near the ground. Jalālābād isn’t directly adjacent to a major river, though smaller tributaries and canals crisscross the landscape, providing irrigation but also potentially contributing to localised humidity and stagnant air conditions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; the city itself is compact with a population of 16,113, quickly transitioning to agricultural fields. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of small-scale brick kilns and agro-processing units within and around Jalālābād adds to the emission sources. The regional climate is characterised by hot summers and cool winters, impacting pollutant dispersion patterns. The lack of significant topographical features to promote air circulation exacerbates pollution build-up, making Jalālābād vulnerable to poor air quality episodes.

Jalālābād’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, typically sees the worst conditions. The burning of crop residue from the Kharif harvest, combined with cooler temperatures and stagnant air, leads to a significant spike in particulate matter. December and January bring cooler temperatures and frequent fog, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. While wind speeds are generally low, occasional western disturbances can offer temporary relief. The spring months, February to April, witness a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind patterns shift, though dust storms can still contribute to particulate matter. The summer months, May to September, are generally the cleanest, coinciding with the monsoon season. Heavy rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, localised flooding can create stagnant water bodies, potentially fostering mosquito breeding and related health concerns. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid outdoor activity during October-November and take precautions during foggy winter mornings. Monitoring local weather forecasts and limiting strenuous activity on poor air quality days is crucial.