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Kaliānpur, situated in the Uttar Pradesh state of India at coordinates 26.5191°N, 80.2498°E, occupies a relatively flat expanse within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This region is characterised by alluvial soil deposited by the Ganges and its tributaries, contributing to its agricultural prominence. The city’s elevation is low, averaging around 120 meters above sea level, which inhibits natural dispersion of pollutants. Kaliānpur is not directly adjacent to a major river, though smaller waterways and canals irrigate the surrounding farmland. The urban character is transitioning, with a growing population of 112,014 experiencing increasing density. Surrounding Kaliānpur is a predominantly rural landscape dedicated to agriculture, primarily wheat, rice, and sugarcane cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a significant source of particulate matter. The proximity to larger industrial hubs in Uttar Pradesh, while not immediately adjacent, results in regional transport of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is becoming blurred as peri-urban development expands, increasing vehicle traffic and localised emissions. The flat terrain and limited wind corridors exacerbate the concentration of pollutants, making Kaliānpur particularly vulnerable to air quality issues, especially during calmer weather conditions.

Kaliānpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon cycles. The monsoon season (July-September) generally brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and suppresses dust. However, high humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a deterioration in air quality as post-monsoon conditions bring stagnant air and increased biomass burning from agricultural residue disposal after the harvest. This period is often the most polluted. Winter (December-February) is characterised by temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and leading to consistently poor air quality, exacerbated by increased reliance on solid fuel for heating. March-June brings rising temperatures and drier conditions, leading to increased dust storms and localised pollution from construction and vehicle emissions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during October-February. The months of July-September generally offer the best air quality, though vigilance regarding mould is advised. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak agricultural burning times are crucial for mitigating exposure.