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Najībābād, a city nestled within the expansive Indo-Gangetic Plain of Uttar Pradesh, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 220 meters. Its coordinates (29.6128, 78.3425) place it strategically within a predominantly agricultural landscape, characterized by intensive farming of wheat, rice, and sugarcane. The city’s location is not immediately proximate to major bodies of water, though the Ganges River flows within a reasonable distance, influencing regional humidity patterns. Najībābād’s air quality is significantly impacted by its position downwind of larger industrial centers in the National Capital Region (NCR), particularly those around Delhi and Ghaziabad. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city itself is a growing urban hub, but is quickly surrounded by agricultural land, leading to seasonal burning of crop residue. This practice is a major contributor to localised pollution spikes. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads also adds to particulate matter concentrations. The relatively stagnant air masses common in the Indo-Gangetic Plain exacerbate these issues, trapping pollutants and reducing dispersion. The lack of significant topographical features hinders natural ventilation, making Najībābād susceptible to prolonged periods of poor air quality, especially during the winter months. The city’s growing population and increasing vehicular traffic further compound the problem.

Najībābād experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, is typically the most polluted. The cessation of monsoon rains leads to stagnant air, coupled with the widespread burning of agricultural residue after the harvest. Low temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. December and January continue to exhibit poor air quality, though slightly less severe than the preceding months, due to continued winter conditions and reliance on solid fuel for heating. The arrival of the spring, from February to April, brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, dust storms are common during this period, temporarily elevating particulate matter levels. The monsoon season, from July to September, offers the cleanest air. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to localised humidity and potential for secondary pollutant formation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during October-November and consider using air purifiers indoors. March-April requires caution due to dust. July-September generally presents the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.