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Rāmnagar, nestled in the Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position on the northern bank of the Ganges River at approximately 25.28°N latitude and 83.03°E longitude. The city’s terrain is largely flat alluvial plain, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with a low elevation that contributes to potential air stagnation. Rāmnagar’s urban character is deeply intertwined with its religious importance as a former capital of Kashi Naresh (the King of Varanasi), reflected in its historic palaces and ghats. Surrounding the city is a predominantly agricultural landscape, with rice and wheat cultivation being prevalent. The proximity to Varanasi, a major industrial and densely populated city, significantly impacts Rāmnagar’s air quality, as pollutants are often transported downwind. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the concentrated built environment of Rāmnagar to agricultural fields. The Ganges River, while culturally vital, can also contribute to localised humidity and potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads further exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. The region experiences a monsoon climate, influencing dispersion patterns during the wet season.

Rāmnagar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. October to February represents the most challenging period, with cooler temperatures and calmer winds leading to increased pollutant concentrations. Temperature inversions are common during these winter months, trapping particulate matter and gaseous pollutants close to the ground. November and December are particularly problematic due to post-harvest crop residue burning in surrounding agricultural areas, adding significantly to PM2.5 levels. The monsoon season, from June to September, offers a temporary respite. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased wind speeds aid in dispersion. However, high humidity can also foster the growth of mould and allergens. March to May sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as temperatures rise and dust storms become more frequent, originating from the arid regions to the west. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the winter and pre-monsoon months. Avoiding peak traffic hours and using N95 masks when outdoors during polluted periods are recommended. The monsoon, while cleaner, can bring waterborne diseases, so maintaining hygiene is crucial.