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Rasrā, nestled in the heart of Uttar Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges River plains. Located at approximately 25.85°N, 83.85°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an average elevation of around 100 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography contributes to poor air circulation, particularly during periods of stagnant weather. Rasrā is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to the cultivation of wheat, rice, and sugarcane – a significant source of seasonal biomass burning contributing to particulate matter pollution. To the north, the landscape gradually rises towards the foothills of the Himalayas, influencing regional wind patterns. While Rasrā itself lacks direct proximity to major rivers beyond the Ganges’ influence, the region’s groundwater resources are vital for irrigation and domestic use. The urban–rural gradient around Rasrā is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural fields and smaller villages. The presence of nearby industrial clusters, particularly those involved in brick kilns and small-scale manufacturing, further exacerbates air quality challenges. The flat, expansive nature of the surrounding landscape, combined with the prevalence of agricultural activity and industrial presence, creates conditions conducive to the accumulation of pollutants, especially when meteorological conditions are unfavorable. The city’s location within a densely populated region of India also contributes to higher overall emissions.

Rasrā’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of meteorological factors and regional activities. The dry, cool months of November through February typically experience the poorest air quality. This period is characterized by temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural residue burning after the harvest season significantly contributes to elevated particulate matter levels during these months. Fog, a frequent occurrence, further traps pollutants, reducing visibility and intensifying respiratory irritation. March to May marks the transition to the pre-monsoon season, with rising temperatures and occasional dust storms. While winds generally increase, the overall air quality remains moderate to poor. The arrival of the monsoon season (June to September) brings a welcome respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse accumulated emissions. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory conditions for some. October sees a gradual decline in air quality as the monsoon recedes and agricultural burning begins anew. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months (November-February), limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. During the pre-monsoon season, staying indoors during dust storms is advisable. Maintaining good hydration and using air purifiers can help mitigate the effects of poor air quality throughout the year.