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Sadābād, nestled in the heart of Uttar Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 27.45°N, 78.05°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Yamuna River and its tributaries. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily wheat, rice, and sugarcane – interspersed with small villages and scattered industrial units. This agricultural intensity, while vital for the regional economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution due to crop residue burning. Sadābād’s proximity to Agra, a major urban center and tourist destination, means it experiences spillover effects from Agra’s industrial activity and vehicular emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city transitioning quickly into agricultural land. Elevation is low, averaging around 170 meters above sea level, which, combined with the flat topography, limits atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The absence of significant natural barriers, such as hills or mountains, further exacerbates this issue. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region’s groundwater table is high, influencing soil moisture and potentially affecting the deposition of certain pollutants. The city’s location within a densely populated and industrialized state means it is susceptible to regional air pollution episodes originating from larger metropolitan areas and industrial belts further north.

Sadābād’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate and agricultural practices. The dry winter months (November to February) consistently present the most challenging conditions. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to stagnant air and elevated concentrations. Crop residue burning, a widespread practice after the harvest season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution, creating a smoky haze that blankets the region. Fog, frequently occurring during these months, further reduces visibility and exacerbates the impact of pollutants. Spring (March-May) brings a slight improvement as winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal, but dust storms remain a concern. The onset of the monsoon (June-September) marks a period of relative relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds clearing the atmosphere. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and increased humidity, which can affect respiratory health. The post-monsoon season (October) sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as winds weaken and temperatures begin to drop, setting the stage for the challenging winter months. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activity and using air purifiers when possible. During the peak burning season (November-January), it is advisable to wear N95 masks when outdoors and avoid strenuous activity.