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Sahaswān, nestled in the heart of Uttar Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, a fertile plain historically vital for agriculture. Located at approximately 28.0680° N, 78.7510° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an average elevation of around 170 meters. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges for air quality dispersion. Sahaswān is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to wheat and rice cultivation, interspersed with smaller villages and rural settlements, creating a gradual urban-rural gradient. The proximity to agricultural zones means seasonal burning of crop residue is a significant factor influencing local air quality. While Sahaswān lacks direct access to major rivers, it benefits from groundwater resources, supporting irrigation and local livelihoods. The city’s regional position places it within reach of industrial belts concentrated in larger Uttar Pradesh cities like Kanpur and Lucknow, potentially exposing it to pollutants transported by prevailing winds. The flat landscape inhibits vertical mixing of air, particularly during periods of temperature inversion, trapping pollutants closer to ground level. The surrounding landscape, largely agricultural, contributes to particulate matter pollution, especially during harvest seasons. The urban character of Sahaswān is developing, with a mix of traditional housing and newer constructions, impacting urban heat island effects and local air circulation patterns.

Sahaswān’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoonal climate. The dry season, spanning roughly October to May, witnesses the most concerning air quality conditions. November and December often experience stagnant air and frequent fog, exacerbated by cooler temperatures and reduced wind speeds, leading to pollutant accumulation. Agricultural burning after the harvest of Kharif crops (typically October-November) significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. January and February are typically the worst months, with persistent fog and minimal wind dispersal. The onset of the monsoon (June-September) brings a welcome respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased wind speeds facilitate dispersion. However, the monsoon season isn't entirely free of air quality concerns; heavy rainfall can sometimes lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from decomposing organic matter. The pre-monsoon period (April-May) can also experience elevated levels of pollutants due to increased construction activity and dust. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of fog and agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are best avoided during peak pollution episodes. During the monsoon, while air quality generally improves, those with allergies should be mindful of pollen counts and potential fungal growth associated with increased humidity. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable throughout the year, especially during periods of poor outdoor air quality.