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Sidhaulī, nestled in the heart of Uttar Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges River plains. Located at approximately 27.28°N, 80.83°E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 118 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while fertile for agriculture, contributes to air quality challenges. Sidhaulī is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to the cultivation of wheat, rice, and sugarcane – a significant source of seasonal biomass burning. To the north, the landscape gradually rises towards the Bundelkhand region, offering some relief from prevailing winds, but also creating potential for temperature inversions during cooler months. The proximity to the Ganges River, though a vital water source, can also influence local weather patterns, increasing humidity and potentially trapping pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Sidhaulī is relatively sharp; the town itself is small, but it serves as a local market and transport hub for surrounding villages. Industrial activity is limited, primarily consisting of small-scale agricultural processing units and workshops, but the increasing vehicular traffic associated with its role as a regional center is a growing concern. The flat, expansive landscape allows for pollutants to spread widely, and the lack of significant natural barriers exacerbates the impact of regional pollution sources, making Sidhaulī vulnerable to transboundary air pollution events originating from larger industrial belts further north and west.

Sidhaulī’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by regional meteorology and agricultural practices. The dry, cool months of November through February present the most challenging period. Temperature inversions, common during this time, trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to stagnant air and elevated concentrations. Agricultural residue burning, a widespread practice after the harvest of rice and wheat, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during these months. The prevailing northwesterly winds, while generally dispersing pollutants, can also carry smoke plumes from distant agricultural regions, further degrading air quality. March to May marks the transition to the pre-monsoon season, characterized by rising temperatures and increased dust storms. While winds become stronger, they often stir up dust from construction sites and unpaved roads, adding to the particulate load. The arrival of the monsoon in June brings a welcome respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse them. July and August typically experience the best air quality. However, humidity remains high. September and October see a gradual return to drier conditions, with a build-up of pollutants preceding the peak winter pollution period. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during November and December, particularly on days with low visibility. During the pre-monsoon months, wearing masks and avoiding strenuous outdoor exercise is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also provide some protection.