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Haridwār, nestled in the foothills of the Shivalik range in Uttarakhand, India, occupies a geographically sensitive position. Situated on the right bank of the Ganges River at an elevation of approximately 314 meters, the city’s terrain is a mix of flat plains and gently sloping hills. This location, a crucial pilgrimage site, contributes to a unique urban character shaped by religious tourism and associated activities. The surrounding landscape is dominated by dense forests and agricultural lands, particularly sugarcane and rice paddies, extending towards the Bhabar and Terai regions. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the proximity to industrial areas in nearby districts like Haridwar and Dehradun contributes to regional pollution transport. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city core experiences higher population density and activity, while the periphery transitions into agricultural zones. The Ganges, while spiritually significant, also acts as a conduit for pollutants from upstream sources. The valley’s topography often traps pollutants, especially during winter months, exacerbating air quality issues. The Shivalik hills limit atmospheric dispersion, creating localised pollution hotspots. This combination of factors makes Haridwār particularly vulnerable to air quality challenges.

Haridwār’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Summer (April-June) sees rising temperatures and dry winds, stirring up dust and increasing particulate matter, though generally lower humidity keeps conditions somewhat manageable. The monsoon season (July-September) brings relief with rainfall washing away pollutants, resulting in the cleanest air of the year. However, increased humidity can also foster fungal growth, impacting respiratory health. Post-monsoon (October-November) is a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and cooler temperatures. This is when stubble burning in surrounding agricultural areas peaks, dramatically worsening air quality, particularly in November. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging period. Temperature inversions, common in the valley, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to stagnant air and high concentrations of particulate matter and other pollutants. Fog further reduces visibility and exacerbates respiratory problems. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during November and December. Avoiding peak hours and using masks are recommended. The best time for outdoor activities is generally during and immediately after the monsoon season.