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Baharu, a small city nestled in the state of West Bengal, India (coordinates 22.2040° N, 88.4283° E), occupies a relatively flat expanse of the Gangetic Delta. With a population of approximately 16,155, Baharu’s urban character is distinctly rural-adjacent, exhibiting a strong interplay between built-up areas and surrounding agricultural land. The city’s elevation is low, typical of the deltaic plains, making it susceptible to localised flooding during heavy rainfall. The proximity to the Hooghly River, a major distributary of the Ganges, influences local humidity and can contribute to the formation of fog, particularly during the winter months. Baharu is not a major industrial hub, but lies within a region experiencing increasing industrial activity in surrounding districts, particularly related to jute processing and small-scale manufacturing. This regional industrialisation, coupled with agricultural practices like crop residue burning, significantly impacts air quality. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; air quality tends to be marginally better in the immediate rural surroundings, though seasonal agricultural burning can negate this advantage. The prevailing wind patterns, influenced by the monsoon and post-monsoon systems, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants within the local atmosphere. Understanding this geographical context is vital for assessing and mitigating air pollution challenges in Baharu.

Baharu experiences a tropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons heavily influencing air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) initially offers some respite as rainfall washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster the growth of mould and allergens, impacting respiratory health. Post-monsoon (October-November) often sees a build-up of pollutants as stagnant air and temperature inversions trap emissions from local sources and regional agricultural burning. This period is typically the most challenging for air quality. The winter months (December-February) are characterised by cool, dry conditions and frequent fog, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Reduced sunlight and stable atmospheric conditions contribute to poor dispersion. March-May, the pre-monsoon period, sees rising temperatures and dust storms, increasing levels of coarse particulate matter. For sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – avoiding outdoor activity during the post-monsoon and winter months is advisable. Monitoring local weather patterns and being aware of agricultural burning schedules are crucial. Staying indoors during peak pollution times and using air purifiers can offer additional protection. The wet season, while humid, generally presents the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.