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Chākdaha, nestled in the Nadia district of West Bengal, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges Delta. Located at approximately 23.08°N, 88.52°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Hooghly River, a major distributary of the Ganges. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of fertile agricultural land, primarily dedicated to rice cultivation and jute farming, interspersed with small villages and pockets of industrial activity. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods. Chākdaha sits relatively close to the Hooghly River, which, while providing a water source, can also influence local humidity and temperature, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Chākdaha is gradual, with the city acting as a regional trading hub and transport node, drawing in populations and commerce from surrounding rural areas. The elevation is low, generally below 10 meters above sea level, further limiting vertical mixing of air pollutants. The city’s location within the broader industrial belt of West Bengal, though not directly adjacent to major heavy industries, means it is susceptible to pollutants transported from further afield. The flat topography and limited natural barriers exacerbate the potential for stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of low wind speed, hindering the natural dispersal of emissions from local sources like vehicular traffic and brick kilns. The deltaic environment also means the soil is prone to dust generation, especially during drier periods.

Chākdaha’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants as frequent rainfall washes particulate matter from the atmosphere and strong winds disperse emissions. However, the monsoon also introduces its own challenges; increased humidity can trap pollutants closer to the ground, and flooding can release methane and other gases. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. Rising temperatures lead to increased ozone formation, while stagnant air conditions, frequently accompanied by dense fog, trap pollutants, creating a 'brown haze'. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the next planting season, contributes substantially to particulate pollution during this time. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement as rainfall decreases, but the lingering effects of agricultural burning and cooler temperatures can still lead to periods of poor air quality. Winter months (December-February) are generally characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which severely restricts atmospheric mixing and traps pollutants, particularly those from domestic fuel burning and vehicular emissions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks when necessary. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during periods of elevated pollution.