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Chandi, a small town in the North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India, sits at coordinates 22.3503°N, 88.2828°E. Its geography is characteristic of the Ganges Delta – a low-lying, flat alluvial plain. The terrain is predominantly rural, transitioning to denser settlements as one approaches Kolkata, approximately 60km south. The town’s elevation is minimal, making it susceptible to localised flooding during heavy rainfall. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rice paddies and agricultural land, interspersed with small pockets of mangrove forests closer to the Hooghly River, which flows nearby. This proximity to the river influences local humidity and can contribute to stagnant air conditions. While Chandi itself isn’t a major industrial hub, its location within the Kolkata metropolitan region means it experiences spillover effects from industrial activity further south, including emissions from brick kilns and small-scale manufacturing. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the town serves as a market and service centre for surrounding villages. This mix of agricultural practices (burning of crop residue) and increasing vehicular traffic contributes to localised air pollution challenges. The flat topography hinders natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues.

Chandi’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a deterioration in air quality. Reduced rainfall and cooler temperatures lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. This coincides with increased agricultural burning after the harvest, releasing significant particulate matter. December and January are typically the clearest months, benefiting from moderate winds that help disperse pollutants, though fog can still contribute to localised visibility issues and respiratory irritation. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, are the most challenging. Rising temperatures and stagnant air create ideal conditions for pollutant build-up, compounded by dust from construction and road traffic. The arrival of the monsoon in June brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-November and March-May. Monitoring local conditions and using masks during peak pollution periods is advisable. The monsoon, while cleansing, requires vigilance against waterborne diseases.