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Cossimbāzār, nestled in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India (24.1200° N, 88.2800° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Bengal Plain. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile alluvial plains formed by the Ganges River system. Its elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Cossimbāzār lies within a predominantly rural landscape, transitioning gradually towards more urbanized areas further east towards the industrial belt surrounding Asansol. The surrounding region is dominated by agricultural land, primarily cultivating rice and pulses, with interspersed villages and small settlements. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the proximity to the Damodar River, approximately 30km to the east, influences regional weather patterns and can impact the dispersion of pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Cossimbāzār is gentle, with agricultural activities and smaller settlements blending into the city’s periphery. This close interaction between urban and rural land use patterns can lead to localized air quality challenges, stemming from agricultural burning during harvest seasons and the transport of pollutants from nearby industrial zones. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often result in a limited ability for pollutants to disperse effectively, especially during cooler months when temperature inversions are more frequent. The regional climate, characterized by hot, humid summers and a distinct monsoon season, further complicates air quality dynamics.

Cossimbāzār’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the region’s monsoonal climate. The monsoon season (roughly June to September) typically brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively flush out particulate matter. However, the monsoon also introduces humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The pre-monsoon period (March to May) often witnesses a concerning rise in air pollution, driven by agricultural burning as farmers clear fields for the planting season. This practice releases significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter into the atmosphere. The hot, dry conditions during this period also contribute to increased levels of ozone, a secondary pollutant formed through photochemical reactions. The winter months (November to February) are generally the most challenging for air quality. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to stagnant air and elevated concentrations of particulate matter. Fog, common during this period, further restricts visibility and exacerbates the problem. Outdoor activities are best limited during these months, particularly for children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions. The post-monsoon period (October) sees a gradual improvement as agricultural burning decreases and wind patterns become more favourable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable during peak pollution periods, and wearing appropriate masks when outdoors can offer some protection.