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Dhuliān, a municipality in the Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India, occupies a relatively flat alluvial plain within the Ganges Delta. Situated at 24.6810°N, 87.9540°E, the city’s geography is profoundly shaped by the Bhagirathi River, a major distributary of the Ganges, which flows nearby. This proximity contributes to high humidity and influences local wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive rice cultivation and jute farming, common throughout the Bengal delta. Dhuliān’s elevation is low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, making it susceptible to seasonal flooding. The urban character is transitioning, with a growing population of 95,706 experiencing increasing density. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, with agricultural lands immediately bordering the municipal limits. Industrial activity is limited within Dhuliān itself, but the broader Murshidabad district contains small-scale brick kilns and jute mills, potential sources of particulate matter. The flat terrain and limited natural ventilation exacerbate the concentration of pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. The deltaic environment also means frequent moisture, which can trap pollutants and contribute to the formation of secondary aerosols. This geographical setting creates a unique set of challenges for maintaining good air quality.

Dhuliān’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon weather systems. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures and stagnant air create conditions for dust and particulate matter from agricultural activities and local construction to accumulate. The lack of rainfall means pollutants aren’t washed away. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings significant relief. Heavy rainfall effectively scrubs the air, reducing particulate matter concentrations. However, increased humidity can promote the growth of mold and allergens. October and November, the post-monsoon period, see a gradual deterioration in air quality as temperatures cool and wind speeds decrease. This is often accompanied by shallow temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter, from December to February, can experience foggy conditions, further exacerbating pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during March-May and October-November. During the monsoon, while particulate matter is lower, precautions should be taken against waterborne illnesses and mold exposure. Avoiding peak traffic hours and using masks during dusty periods are recommended.