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Fālākāta, nestled in the Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges Delta region. Located at approximately 26.53°N, 89.20°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile alluvial plains formed by the Ganges and its tributaries. The elevation is low, rarely exceeding 20 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Fālākāta’s proximity to the Damodar River, a vital waterway, influences local microclimates and can impact the dispersion of airborne particles. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and jute cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered industrial units. This agricultural belt, while economically important, contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution from crop residue burning, especially during the post-harvest period. The urban–rural gradient around Fālākāta is gradual, with agricultural land steadily transitioning to residential and commercial areas as one approaches the city center. The city’s location within a densely populated state and its role as a regional trading hub means it experiences a constant influx of vehicles and goods, further impacting air quality. The relatively flat topography and limited natural barriers hinder the effective dispersal of pollutants, making Fālākāta susceptible to localized air quality challenges. The regional climate, dominated by monsoon patterns, also plays a crucial role in the city’s atmospheric conditions.

Fālākāta’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically experience the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create atmospheric stability, fostering temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest season significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out pollutants, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the formation of ground-level ozone under certain conditions. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to less favourable conditions, with decreasing rainfall and cooler temperatures, but still with lingering agricultural burning. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which further restricts pollutant dispersion and can exacerbate respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, although vigilance regarding ozone levels remains important. Public health advisories are often issued during periods of elevated pollution, urging residents to take preventative measures.