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Janāi, a small town in West Bengal, India, is situated at coordinates 22.7157°N, 88.2426°E, within the expansive Gangetic Delta. The terrain is remarkably flat, characteristic of this alluvial plain, with an elevation barely above sea level, making it highly susceptible to localised flooding during heavy rainfall. The town’s location is intrinsically linked to the Hooghly River, a major distributary of the Ganges, which flows nearby and influences local humidity and wind patterns. Surrounding Janāi is a predominantly agricultural landscape, dominated by rice paddies and small-scale farming. While not a major industrial hub itself, Janāi lies within reach of larger industrial zones further south towards Kolkata, contributing to regional background pollution. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Janāi represents a transition point between densely populated areas and the more rural districts to the east. This proximity to both agricultural practices (potential for biomass burning and fertilizer use) and industrial activity creates a complex interplay of pollution sources. The flat topography inhibits dispersion of pollutants, and the humid climate can trap them, exacerbating air quality issues. The deltaic environment also means frequent occurrences of fog, which can worsen particulate matter concentrations.

Janāi experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally deteriorates during the dry winter months (November to February). Cooler temperatures lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Reduced wind speeds during this period further hinder dispersion. Biomass burning for warmth and cooking also increases particulate matter. February and March often see a build-up of dust from agricultural activities. The pre-monsoon season (April-May) brings rising temperatures and increased dust storms, impacting air quality negatively. The monsoon season (June to September) offers a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, stagnant conditions and localised flooding can create breeding grounds for mould and contribute to indoor air pollution. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions and a resurgence of pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the winter and pre-monsoon periods. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak pollution times is crucial for maintaining health. The monsoon, while offering cleaner air, can also bring waterborne diseases, requiring careful hygiene practices.