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Kālchīni, nestled in the Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.6889° N, 89.4483° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial landscape formed by the Hooghly River and its tributaries. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Kālchīni’s proximity to the Hooghly River, while providing a vital water source and supporting agricultural activities, can also influence local air quality through humidity and potential for riverine particulate matter transport. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and jute cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered industrial units. This agricultural zone contributes to seasonal particulate matter, especially during harvest periods when burning of crop residue is practiced. The urban–rural gradient around Kālchīni is gradual, with the town serving as a local market and transport hub for the surrounding rural communities. The region’s climate is subtropical, with hot, humid summers and mild winters. This climate, combined with the flat topography and agricultural practices, creates conditions that can exacerbate air pollution episodes. The town’s location within a broader industrial belt, though not directly adjacent to major heavy industries, means it is susceptible to pollutants transported from further afield, impacting overall air quality. The lack of significant natural barriers further limits dispersion of pollutants.

Kālchīni’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the monsoon and prevailing weather patterns. The summer months (March to May) are typically characterized by high temperatures and low humidity, often leading to stagnant air conditions and increased levels of pollutants from local sources like vehicular emissions and agricultural activities. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. The arrival of the monsoon (June to September) brings a significant improvement, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and strong winds disperse pollutants. However, the monsoon season can also see increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The post-monsoon period (October to November) often sees a return to poorer air quality, with cooler temperatures and calmer winds leading to pollutant accumulation. Agricultural burning, a common practice after the harvest, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this time. Winter months (December to February) are generally cooler, with frequent fog formation. Fog traps pollutants, reducing visibility and further degrading air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the summer and winter months, particularly on days with dense fog or stagnant air. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during periods of elevated pollution. Public health advisories are crucial during peak pollution periods, emphasizing preventative measures and awareness of potential health risks.