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Krishnapur, nestled in the Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal (coordinates 24.4123° N, 88.2582° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial soil deposits left by the Hooghly River, a major distributary of the Ganges. Krishnapur’s location, approximately 170 kilometers northwest of Kolkata, places it within a transitional zone between the densely populated urban sprawl of the state capital and the more rural agricultural landscapes of West Bengal. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rice paddies and jute fields, forming a substantial agricultural belt that influences local air quality dynamics. While Krishnapur itself is a relatively small urban center with a population of around 19,462, it acts as a regional hub for surrounding villages, experiencing increased traffic and activity. The proximity to the Hooghly River, though providing a vital water source, can also contribute to localized humidity and fog formation, impacting pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activities and smaller settlements blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. The relatively low elevation (around 18 meters above sea level) combined with the flat topography can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Industrial activity, while not extensive within Krishnapur itself, is present in nearby areas, contributing to regional air pollution sources that can affect the city’s air quality.

Krishnapur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, witnesses a gradual increase in pollution levels. November and December often experience periods of dense fog, particularly in the mornings, trapping pollutants close to the ground and reducing visibility. This is exacerbated by agricultural burning practices in the surrounding rural areas as farmers clear fields after the harvest, releasing significant particulate matter. January and February are often the most challenging months, with temperature inversions frequently occurring, further hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out atmospheric pollutants. However, the monsoon also introduces its own challenges; heavy rainfall can lead to waterlogging and the release of pollutants from stagnant water sources. The transition months of March and April see a gradual increase in temperature and decreasing humidity, leading to a slight improvement in air quality compared to the peak of the dry season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during foggy periods and avoid strenuous outdoor activity. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies should be mindful of pollen and mold spores.