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Mahespur, nestled in the Birbhum district of West Bengal (coordinates 24.6954° N, 87.9414° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Bengal Plain. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile alluvial plains formed by the Ganges and its tributaries. Situated approximately 135 km northwest of Kolkata, Mahespur lies within a transitional zone between the densely populated urban sprawl of the state capital and the more rural agricultural landscapes of the western districts. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and pulses – interspersed with pockets of sal forests, typical of the Chota Nagpur Plateau’s fringes. While Mahespur itself is a relatively small urban centre with a population of around 12,250, its proximity to the industrial belt around Durgapur and Asansol, roughly 80 km to the west, introduces a potential source of regional air pollution. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activities and smaller villages directly bordering the city limits. The lack of significant elevation – Mahespur sits at a low altitude – contributes to poor atmospheric dispersion, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The absence of major water bodies within immediate proximity further limits natural air purification processes. The prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by the monsoon, play a crucial role in the city’s air quality, either dispersing pollutants or trapping them depending on the season and meteorological conditions. The soil composition, rich in alluvial sediments, can also influence particulate matter suspension during dry periods and agricultural activities.

Mahespur’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and strong winds that effectively flush out particulate matter. However, agricultural burning following the harvest season (late September to early November) can lead to temporary spikes in smoke and particulate pollution. The post-monsoon transition period (October-November) often sees a build-up of pollutants as wind speeds decrease and agricultural practices intensify. Winter (December to February) presents the most challenging period for air quality. Cold temperatures and frequent fog lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and exacerbating existing issues. Reduced sunlight hours also limit photochemical reactions that can break down pollutants. The dry, cold air also increases the prevalence of particulate matter. Spring (March to May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, wind speeds increase, and the monsoon approaches. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities during periods of dense fog or stagnant air. During the agricultural burning season, wearing masks and avoiding prolonged exposure to smoke are advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also provide some protection. The monsoon months generally offer the best conditions for outdoor activities, although pollen allergies may be a concern for some individuals.