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Maināguri, a municipality in the Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India, occupies a relatively flat alluvial plain within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Situated at coordinates 26.5658°N, 88.8214°E, the town’s elevation is low, averaging around 85 meters above sea level, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and tea gardens, characteristic of the Dooars region. The Teesta River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and occasionally contributing to stagnant air conditions, particularly during the post-monsoon season. Maināguri functions as a regional trading hub for agricultural produce, and experiences a gradual urban-rural gradient as one moves away from the core municipal area. While not a major industrial centre itself, its proximity to larger industrial zones in Jalpaiguri and the broader Siliguri corridor introduces transported pollutants. The town’s location within a densely populated region, coupled with agricultural practices like crop residue burning, significantly impacts local air quality. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities further exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. The flat terrain restricts natural ventilation, trapping pollutants and increasing exposure risks for residents. This geographical setting creates a unique challenge for maintaining clean air.

Maināguri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon climate. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings improved air quality due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a deterioration as the monsoon recedes, and agricultural burning of rice straw becomes prevalent, releasing significant smoke and pollutants. This period often experiences temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and calmer winds, leading to stagnant air and increased concentrations of particulate matter from household heating (wood and biomass) and vehicular emissions. Fog formation further reduces visibility and exacerbates pollution. March-May is characterised by rising temperatures and dry conditions, increasing dust levels and the risk of wildfires in nearby forests. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during October-February. The best time for outdoor activities is generally during the monsoon months, though caution is advised regarding dampness and mould. Monitoring local conditions is crucial, as weather patterns can shift rapidly.